Spatiotemporal index for analyzing controls on snow climatology: application in the Colorado Front Range     

Eric E. Richer  Stephanie K. Kampf  Steven R. Fassnacht  Cara C. Moore 《自然地理学》2013,34(2):85-107

Mountain snowpacks are important water supplies that are susceptible to climate change, yet snow measurements are sparse relative to snowpack heterogeneity. We used remote sensing to derive a spatiotemporal index of snow climatology that reveals patterns in snow accumulation, persistence, and ablation. Then we examined how this index relates to climate, terrain, and vegetation. Analyses were based on Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer eight-day snow cover from 2000 to 2010 for a mountain watershed in the Colorado Front Range, USA. The Snow Cover Index (SCI) was calculated as the fraction of years that were snow covered for each pixel. The proportion of SCI variability explained by independent variables was evaluated using regression analysis. Independent variables included elevation, northing, easting, slope, aspect, northness, solar radiation, precipitation, temperature, and vegetation cover. Elevation was the dominant control on SCI patterns, due to its influence on both temperature and precipitation. Grouping SCI values by elevation, we identified three distinct snow zones in the basin: persistent, transitional, and intermittent. The transitional snow zone represents an area that is sensitive to losing winter snowpack. The SCI can be applied to other basins or regions to identify dominant controls on snow cover patterns and areas sensitive to snow loss.  相似文献   

2001年1月滇黔准静止锋在演变过程中的结构及大气环流特征分析   总被引：18，自引：0，他引：18  

杜正静  丁治英  张书余 《热带气象学报》2007,23(3):284-292

利用地面常规观测资料和NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,分析2001年1月的滇黔准静止锋在演变过程中的温湿结构和大气环流特征。结果表明：滇黔准静止锋表现为湿度锋,其大气环流特征与高原关系密切。青藏高原的抬升作用与Hadley环流偏南导致Ferrel环流的生成、加强对云贵高原的天气有重大的影响。对于I、Ⅱ型静止锋,Hadley环流圈南北跨距小,环流圈下沉支偏南,易与高原南部的上升支一起形成反环流,该反环流可产生较强的雨雪、凝冻的灾害性天气;Ⅲ、IV型静止锋,Hadley环流圈北推,环流圈南北跨距大,此时在青藏高原的南部无反环流存在,云贵地区上升运动较弱,产生的降水与天气也较弱。由于受副高增强的间接影响,Hadley环流在Ⅱ、Ⅲ、IV型静止锋存在明显的双层结构。  相似文献   

The occurrence of alpine permafrost in the Front Range of Colorado     

Jason R. Janke   《Geomorphology》2005,67(3-4):375-389

Permafrost distribution, or ground that remains frozen for at least 2 years, has been modeled using a combination of Geographic Information System (GIS) techniques, Digital Elevation Model (DEM) variables, and land cover in alpine regions of the world. In the Front Range, however, no such empirical models have been developed, and field data are restricted in spatial extent, but rock glaciers are in abundance. Here, I present a probabilistic logistic regression model that is based on topoclimatic information (elevation and aspect) for rock glaciers derived from U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) 10-m DEMs. Classes of land cover, obtained from an Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) image classification, were assigned weights and were then multiplied by the regression results to refine estimates. The effectiveness of the model was evaluated by comparing mean probability scores with rock glacier activity categories, Mean Annual Air Temperature (MAAT) from climatic stations on Niwot Ridge, and Bottom Temperature of winter Snow (BTS) measurements, while a Monte Carlo simulation was used to detect uncertainty associated with the original DEM. Permafrost scores >50% covered about 8.9% (242 km²) of the study area (2722 km²) with the highest scores clustered around Longs and Rowe Peaks. Permafrost locations showed a strong correlation with rock glacier activity classes, the −1.0 °C MAAT isotherm, and BTS measurements less than −3.0 °C. The uncertainty analysis revealed that slight global differences exist between the original and error prone DEM; however, local variations in aspect caused the most uncertainty. These results indicate that the model accurately represents regional distribution of permafrost. Therefore, topoclimatic information from rock glaciers and land cover, when combined with an uncertainty analysis, can effectively be used to map the occurrence of Front Range permafrost, providing an imperative tool for cartographers, planners, and geocryologists.  相似文献   

Modeling past and future alpine permafrost distribution in the Colorado Front Range     

Jason R. Janke 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2005,30(12):1495-1508

Rock glaciers, a feature associated with at least discontinuous permafrost, provide important topoclimatic information. Active and inactive rock glaciers can be used to model current permafrost distribution. Relict rock glacier locations provide paleoclimatic information to infer past conditions. Future warmer climates could cause permafrost zones to shrink and initiate slope instability hazards such as debris flows or rockslides, thus modeling change remains imperative. This research examines potential past and future permafrost distribution in the Colorado Front Range by calibrating an existing permafrost model using a standard adiabatic rate for mountains (0·5 °C per 100 m) for a 4 °C range of cooler and warmer temperatures. According to the model, permafrost currently covers about 12 per cent (326·1 km²) of the entire study area (2721·5 km²). In a 4 °C cooler climate 73·7 per cent (2004·4 km²) of the study area could be covered by permafrost, whereas in a 4°C warmer climate almost no permafrost would be found. Permafrost would be reduced severely by 93·9 per cent (a loss of 306·2 km²) in a 2·0 °C warmer climate; however, permafrost will likely respond slowly to change. Relict rock glacier distribution indicates that mean annual air temperature (MAAT) was once at least some 3·0 to 4·0 °C cooler during the Pleistocene, with permafrost extending some 600–700 m lower than today. The model is effective at identifying temperature sensitive areas for future monitoring; however, other feedback mechanisms such as precipitation are neglected. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

昆明准静止锋客观判识方法研究   总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4       下载免费PDF全文

段旭  段玮  邢冬 《Acta Meteorologica Sinica》2017,75(5):811-822

利用云贵高原1961-2010年逐日地面观测资料和ERA-Interim 0.125°×0.125°再分析资料,根据昆明准静止锋（KQSF）的天气学特性,综合考虑热力场、动力场和锋面系统空间尺度等要素,开展昆明准静止锋锋线的客观判识研究。经过典型天气过程分析和气候资料统计的验证,客观判识方法是合理的。在用客观判识方法计算50年全部昆明准静止锋样本的基础上,统计分析了其时、空分布特征。这一客观判识方法为统一、客观、定量地描述昆明准静止锋的特征及其在气象业务中精细化和数值化的应用提供了途径。  相似文献   

平流层大气动力学及其与对流层大气相互作用的研究:进展与问题   总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0  

黄荣辉  陈文  魏科  王林  皇甫静亮 《大气科学》2018,42(3):463-487

本文综述了近年来关于平流层大气动力学及其与对流层大气相互作用动力过程的研究进展,特别是回顾了近年来关于平流层大气环流和行星波动力学、热带平流层大气波动及其与基本气流相互作用、平流层大气环流变异对对流层环流和气候变异的影响及其动力过程、平流层大气数值模拟以及在全球变暖背景下平流层大气的长期演变趋势预估等的研究进展。最近的研究揭示了大气准定常行星波传播波导的振荡现象、重力波在热带平流层准两年振荡和全球物质输送中的作用、平流层长期的变冷趋势变化、平流层在对流层天气和气候变化中的作用等现象,表明了平流层大气动力学研究的重要性。平流层大气动力学的深入研究,以及对数值模式中平流层模拟性能的提高,最终都会推动整个大气科学和气候变化研究的进一步发展。  相似文献   

Latitudinal changes in siphonophore assemblages across the Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean     

D Kuyper  D Thibault  MJ Gibbons 《African Journal of Marine Science》2020,42(2):209-219

Siphonophores are commonly considered to be useful indicators of water masses and water-mass movement, but their employment as such across the wider Southern Ocean has not so far been attempted. We redress this here using archived samples, collected during January–February 1993 along a transect from Cape Town to the South African National Antarctic Expedition (SANAE) base in Antarctica, and compare the patterns generated with those determined from a prior analysis of whole assemblages at lower taxonomic resolution. Twenty-one species were identified from 18 of the original 53 samples collected, and two distinct assemblages were confirmed as separated by the Sub-Antarctic Front. That to the south was characterised by low diversity and high abundance and was dominated by cold-water specialists, whereas that to the north comprised a larger number of subtropical and temperate species at low abundance. Assemblage structure was strongly influenced by the mixed layer depth, sea surface salinity and chlorophyll a concentration, as well as mesozooplankton biomass. Congruence with the whole-assemblage study was high, indicating that this taxon can be suitably employed as a proxy in studies such as this. The study emphasises the value of archived plankton samples and makes a plea for better curation.  相似文献   

Textural,geochemical and mineralogical evidence for the origin of peoria loess in Central and Southern Nebraska,USA     

N. R. Winspear  K. Pye 《地球表面变化过程与地形》1995,20(8):735-745

Possible sources of Peoria loess in central Nebraska have been investigated through the fingerprinting of the textural, geochemical and mineralogical characteristics of the loess and possible source sediments, with statistical comparison of the textural and compositional fingerprints. The results of the investigation contrast with the ‘desert loess’ model proposed by Lugn (1960), and are instead consistent with the derivation of the Peoria loess in Nebraska primarily from fluvio-glacial outwash sediments carried by the ancestral North and South Platte River systems from the Rocky Mountain Front Ranges during the late Pleistocene.  相似文献   

基本气流在ENSO对北半球冬季大气环流影响中的作用   总被引：4，自引：4，他引：4       下载免费PDF全文

黄荣辉  严邦良  岸保勘三郎 《大气科学》1991,15(3):44-54

本文从观测事实、理论与数值试验来研究基本气流在ENSO事件对北半球冬季大气环流影响中的作用。通过观测资料的分析,发现1972/1973年冬ENSO现象发生时的基本气流与一般ENSO现象发生年份的基本气流不同,这使得该年冬季ENSO现象所引起的北半球大气环流异常与一般ENSO现象所引起的环流异常型不同。一般ENSO现象所引起的北半球大气环流异常型是PNA型,而1972/1973年冬北半球环流异常型是非PNA型,我国东北地区出现暖冬,冷空气活动弱。  相似文献   

常宁县黄沙窿铜矿区原生晕特征     

罗长清 《湖南地质》1992,11(3):183-189

黄沙窿铜矿区热液矿床原生晕,严格受南北向与近东西向两组构造控制.与赤铁矿化、白云石化等围岩蚀变有密切关系。区内矿化蚀变与原生晕组分,有明显的垂直分带特征。其中Ⅱ矿带元素分带序列从上至下为Sb—As—Ag—Pb—Cu—Bi—Zn—(As)—Sn。据此可作为前缘与尾缘异常的评价依据。当地表矿体引起的原生异常中,包含明显的Sb、Ag异常,且Sb/Sn>0.3;蚀变以白云石化、赤铁矿化为主,矿石矿物主要为辉铜矿时,说明该矿体向深部尚有较大的延深,延深距离可用文中提到的线性方程来判断。笔者根据前缘异常评价指标,推测ZK_(13)与ZK_(24)间有盲矿存在。  相似文献